Fatemeh Abdi; Houriyhe Dehghanpouri; Mojtaba Rajabi
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of positive personality traits on the self-leadership of physical education teachers in the Sari City with the role of proactive personality moderator.Methodology: The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in ...
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Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of positive personality traits on the self-leadership of physical education teachers in the Sari City with the role of proactive personality moderator.Methodology: The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of the data collection method. The statistical population studied were all physical education teachers of public schools in the Sari City in the academic year 2021-2022 (202 people). The amount of 138 samples was considered by the G power software as the minimum sample size for the research. The sampling method was available. Data collection tools are the standard proactive personality questionnaires of Buil et al. (2019), self-leadership by Castellano et al. (2021), hope by Snyder et al. (1996), and optimism by Scheier & Carver (1985). The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the opinions of 10 sport management professors and physical education teachers. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modelling method in PLS software.Results: The results showed that hope has a positive and significant effect on the self-leadership of physical education teachers. Optimism does not have a significant effect on the self-leadership of physical education teachers. Proactive personality has a moderating role in the relationship between hope and self-leadership of physical education teachers. Also a proactive personality has no moderating role in the relationship between optimism and self-leadership of physical education teachers.Conclusion: Therefore, it can be stated that hope increases the self-leadership of physical education teachers; but optimism has no effect on increasing or decreasing teachers' self-leadership. Also hope and optimism with the moderating role of active personality increased teachers' self-leadership. Therefore, paying attention to creating and increasing hope as one of the personality traits of physical education teachers can lead to their self-leadership in school educational activities.
Mojtaba Rajabi; S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh; Reza Andam; Faezeh Abdollahnezhad
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to systematically investigate the use of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in sports management journals, and provide instructions and guidelines to apply this method.
Methodology: This study is a systematic review, and secondary data was used. ...
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Objective: This study aims to systematically investigate the use of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in sports management journals, and provide instructions and guidelines to apply this method.
Methodology: This study is a systematic review, and secondary data was used. 183 studies of all PLS-SEM studies in 14 journals of sport management, published between 2020 and 2022, were analyzed in terms of reasons for using PLS-SEM, data characteristics, model characteristics, evaluation of measurement models, structural model evaluation, reporting, and using advanced analysis.
Results: The results show that the researchers have indicated a few reasons to apply PLS-SEM, which majority of articles highlighted small sample size and lack of data normality. The results identified several issues in reporting the measurement model assessment, especially for measurement evaluation of second-order models. In addition, the findings show that most of studies have not considered reporting the advanced criteria for evaluating of structural model.
Conclusion: The results of this study assist researchers, reviewers and editors of journals to be more mindful, in future studies regarding the reporting of the results using PLS-SEM and avoid incorrect conclusions.
Abstract
Summary
The present work investigates the effect of transformational leadership on the employee performance of the physical education teachers with the mediating role of identity, work engagement, and adjustment of playful personality. 208 physical education teachers completed the questionnaires. The ...
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Summary
The present work investigates the effect of transformational leadership on the employee performance of the physical education teachers with the mediating role of identity, work engagement, and adjustment of playful personality. 208 physical education teachers completed the questionnaires. The structural equations method was used to analyze the data. The results obtained showed that the transformational leadership impacted performance, work engagement, and organizational identity. Work engagement and organizational identity also affected the employee performance, and a pro-active personality did not have a moderating role. Moreover, only work engagement played a mediating role. Therefore, the results of this work contribute to the literature in this field.
Introduction
In the today's world, the organisations' most critical assets are human resources, and organizations will not be able to achieve their desired goals without them (1). Since the progress and development of each country depends on its education organization, evaluating the teachers' performance in schools to improve the quality of education, and ultimately, comprehensive development of the country is necessary (2). Hence, the researchers try to answer whether it is necessary to improve the quality of education, and ultimately, the country's comprehensive development. Transformational leadership with the mediating role of identity and work engagement and pro-active personality modulator impacts the employee performance of physical education teachers.
Methodology and Approach
The present work was applied in terms of purpose, and was correlational regarding the relationship between the variables. In order to conduct this research work, transformational leadership questionnaires (7 items), organizational identity (4 items), pro-active personality (3 items), and employee performance (3 items), the Buil et al. (2019) (3) and work engagement variable, 9-item Rabiul and Yean (2021) questionnaire (4) were used. The questionnaires were arranged on a 5-degree Likert scale (-1, strongly disagree to -5, strongly agree). The sports management specialists were used to assess the validity of the questionnaire. Besides, the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained in a pilot study (n. 30) using the Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient, and given that the alpha coefficient of all variables was higher than 0.7, the reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed. The statistical population of this work included all the physical education teachers of the province of Kohkilooyeh and Boyer Ahmad. The study's sample size was determined to be 230 people based on the method of the structural equation based on the number of items in the questionnaires, and the available sampling method was used in order to collect the data. Link of the questionnaires in the communication channels of sports teachers. The researchers were also sent separately to the IDs of physical education teachers. Then after completing the questionnaires by the physical education teachers, the anonymous data and questionnaires that were not finished correctly were deleted, and an analysis was performed on 208 questionnaires. In order to describe the data, the descriptive statistics and the SPSS software and the structural equations modeling, and the PLS software were used for the inferential analysis of data.
Result and Conclusion
The results of descriptive analysis showed that the largest sample size belonged to men, 115 (55.3%). Most of the married samples were 166 (79.8%). In order to measure the fitness of the measurement model, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability were used. Path coefficient and significance were used to measure the structural model. This work showed that transformational leadership positively, and significantly affected the employee performance, work engagement, and organizational identity. Lowe et al. (1996) state in their research work that transformational leadership with special treatment of employees, while encouraging employees encourages and supports them and affects their performance (5). Also Mubarak et al. (2021) showed significant transformational leadership in work engagement (6). The results showed that work engagement and organizational identity positively and significantly affected the employee performance. The results show a positive effect of proactive personality on work engagement and organizational identity. In addition, these results showed that the proactive personality variable did not have a moderating role in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational identity and work engagement, and did not strengthen or weaken the relationship between these two variables. However, these results are contrary to the results of the research work. Buil et al. (2019) were (3) but one of the reasons for the lack of consistency between the results of these two studies is the difference between the statistical populations of the research. The results showed that organizational identity did not mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance. However, work engagement had a mediating role in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance, and could strengthen or weaken the relationship between these two variables. Considering the results and the impact of transformational leadership on the employee performance, work engagement and organizational identity as well as the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between transformational leadership and employees' performance. It is suggested that the school administrators use a transformational leadership style to strengthen work performance and work engagement as well as the sense of identity of physical education teachers. Using a transformational leadership style creates a more intimate environment in the organization, and will lead to more effective communication between the managers and employees. This will eventually lead to a sense of identity, positive employee performance, and work engagement in employees, and will pave the way to achieving the organization's goals.
Abstract
Summary
The purpose of this research work was to study the effect of the ethical leadership style on the organizational justice with the moderating role of family conflict among the physical education teachers. The statistical population of this work consisted of all the physical education teachers ...
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Summary
The purpose of this research work was to study the effect of the ethical leadership style on the organizational justice with the moderating role of family conflict among the physical education teachers. The statistical population of this work consisted of all the physical education teachers in the city of Sari in Iran. The statistical sample of this work was 118 people, who were selected by the simple random sampling. For data collection, the demographic characteristic questionnaires, leadership questionnaire, organizational justice, and work-family conflict were used. The data obtained was analyzed using the partial least squares method. The results obtained showed that the ethical leadership style had a positive and significant effect on the organizational justice, and the work-family conflict did not play a moderating role in the relationship between the leadership style and the organizational justice. Also the PLS-MGA results obtained showed that there was no significant difference between the males and females. Considering the effect of the moral leadership style on the organizational justice, it can be suggested that the moral leaders pay a special attention to the employees' requirements and deficiencies through a fair communication and interaction, and consider the employees' issues and problems evenhandedly, and make group decisions in order to affect the people's perception about the organizational justice.
Introduction
The organizational justice refers to the way the employees are treated in a way that they feel that they are treated fairly. Justice is one of the most important characteristics of the ethical leaders. As a result, the ethical leadership style is expected to play a significant role in the implementation of the organizational justice. On the other hand, the work-family conflict is a case that affects the organizations and families, and causes interference in the performance of the work and family tasks. As a result, the organizations aiming for purpose, continuity, and survival are required to strengthen their link with the categories of organizational justice. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the moral leadership on the organizational justice with the moderating role of family conflict among the physical education teachers. The purpose of this research work was to study the effect of the ethical leadership on the organizational justice with the moderating role of the job-family conflict among the physical education teachers.
Methodology and Approach
This was a descriptive-correlational work that was conducted as a field research. The statistical population of this work consisted of all the physical education teachers in the city of Sari in Iran (N = 190). The statistical sample was determined as 118 people using the G-Power software, and were selected through the simple random sampling. After confirming the validity and reliability, the questionnaires from the Brown and Torino Harison's moral leadership style (2005), Niehoff and Morman's organizational justice (1993), and Carlson, Kakmar, and Williams' work-family conflict (2000) were used in order to collect the data. The descriptive statistics were used in order to describe the data, and the structural equation modeling was used for the inferential data analysis.
Results and Conclusion
The convergent validity, divergent validity, and instrument reliability were used to measure the fit of the measurement model. Also the multi-group analysis method (PLS-MGA) was used in order to compare the two groups of males and females. As a result, no significant difference in hypotheses was observed between the males and females. The results obtained showed that the ethical leadership style had a direct and significant effect on the organizational justice. Also the work-family conflict variable did not have a moderating role in the relationship between the moral leadership style and the organizational justice, and did not strengthen or weaken the relationship between these two variables. Considering the effect of the moral leadership style on the organizational justice, it can be suggested that the moral leaders pay a special attention to the employees' requirements and deficiencies through a fair communication and interaction, and consider the employees' issues and problems evenhandedly, and make group decisions in order to affect the people's perception about the organizational justice. In fact, the ethical leadership style creates a good atmosphere in the organization, and a good leader can provide more employee participation in order to promote the organizational justice.
