Abstract

Summary
The purpose of this work was to develop a model of factors affecting the glass rock of women's management in the Iranian sports organizations. The research method was the grounded theory with the Glaser approach. The targeted sampling method and the snowball technique were used for sampling for the in-depth interviews. A total of 13 interviews with experts were conducted, and continued until the research work reached a theoretical saturation and adequacy. The results obtained in order of priority of components were gender, social and cultural characteristics, psychological, organizational and managerial, personality differences, individual and family, and moral and legal, based on which the model of effective factors on the glass rock of women's management in the Iranian sports organizations was developed.
Introduction
The issue studied in the present work was why, although women make up half of the society's human resources and have the potential to increase the level of productivity of the society, their presence in the management jobs of the society, especially Iranian sports organizations, is insignificant. Due to the importance of the issue and in order to help the women sports community of our country, it is necessary to try to identify and eliminate the factors affecting the glass rock of women's management in the Iranian sports organizations. In this way, while identifying its causes, trying to take a deep and comprehensive look to provide the effective solutions, the bed of this rock is broken, and we see a more prominent presence of women in the middle and higher levels of management of our country's sports organizations in Iran.
Methodology and Approach
The research method applied in this work was a mixed explorative one (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative part of the research work, in order to present a systematic and schematic model (outline) of the findings from the coded data, the approach of grounded theory proposed by Glaser (1998) was used. The data was collected in the qualitative part using the interviews and reviewing documents, and in the quantitative part, using a questionnaire taken from the research model. The statistical population in this work included the senior managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, and presidents and members of federations and senior managers of the Department of Sports and Youth, National Olympic Committee and faculty members in the field of sports management, senior, middle, and operational managers of the Iranian sports organizations and club managers. After conducting 13 in-depth and semi-structured interviews with the statistical population of the research work, the main categories were extracted after completing the coding process. The purposeful and snowball sampling continued until a theoretical saturation. The reliability of the interviews was confirmed by the percentage of agreement within the topic. The data analysis results were obtained using the MaxQda qualitative analysis software in the three stages of open, axial, and theoretical coding. Then in the quantitative part, a questionnaire was distributed to 40 people among the sports professionals and elites, and the Friedman analysis of variance was used to rank the dimensions.
Results and Conclusion
In this work, the general framework of factors affecting the glass rock of women's management in the Iranian sports organizations was categorized including seven components, according to their prioritization and gender characteristics, social and cultural factors, psychological factors, organizational and managerial factors, personality differences, individual and family factors, and moral and legal factors. This analysis showed that these factors played a role in the formation of glass rock. It also indicated that the determinants were not necessarily related to one of the features, and were present in all features. Based on the presented model, it was identified that there were many obstacles to the advancement of women. These obstacles could be in the organizational, social, legal and political, cultural, economic, environmental, and media contexts. These barriers affect women's managerial roles, women's family responsibilities, and personality traits and psychology, which create a social pressure. These barriers create job interactions and interactions. These actions and interactions become two categories of individual and organizational barriers that individual barriers include lack of trust and self-confidence, inability to separate the family and organization environment, lack of risk-taking, fear of criticism, fear of accepting responsibility and organizational barriers including disability in networking, lack of authority in decision-making, lack of long-term vision and the reduction of communication links that the interaction of all these barriers leads to a gender-biased attitude in sports organizations, which has consequences including decreased motivation for progress, reduced job responsibility, negative community attitudes toward women, male-dominated attitudes, traditional attitudes toward women, unequal opportunities, gender inequality, and gender perspectives; all these obstacles are somehow an obstacle for women to progress and reach high managerial positions. It seems that in order to play the role of female managers in the country's sports, one of the key points to convince the top appointing authorities in sports is that based on the evidence, women have special, more, and better abilities in some soft skills such as human resource management and organizational behavior, which in today's conditions, these skills are required more than ever by the sports organizations in the country. The main goals based on achieving a proper performance were effective strategies and functional capabilities. This helps to understand how and why gender is important in the social and organizational process related to sport. However, beyond this theoretical fact, there is a truth rooted in the social, cultural and historical ideas and beliefs that link the concept of management with the concept of masculinity, and the first image that comes to mind from the manager is the concept of man. On the other hand, the presence of women in the sports organizations provides the basis for the development of a healthy culture and ethics. In general, it can be said that from the past until now, women's participation in sports decision-making and management of the country has been in an unfavorable situation, and its improvement in the future has gained a favorable momentum. The results of this research work can help the women's sports community of the country to shape a more favorable future for them.

Keywords

• Women's management
• Sports organizations
• Glass roof
• Glass rock

Main Subjects

• پیامدهای نگرشی منابع انسانی در ورزش مانند، رضایت شغلی، تعهد شغلی و سازمانی و ...