نوع مقاله : مقاله مستقل

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس‌ارشد مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران

3 دکتری مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف: هدف از انجام این تحقیق مطالعۀ مدیریت استعدادیابی کشورهای پیشرو در جهان بود. از میان این کشورها برنامه کشور آلمان به لحاظ موفقیت و روزآمدی انتخاب شد.
روش‌شناسی: روش انجام این تحقیق، از نظر هدف، کاربردی و به لحاظ ماهیت، کیفی و با رویکرد فراترکیب بود. به همین منظور، از روش 7 مرحله‌ای ساندلوسکی و باروسو (2007) استفاده شد. فرآیند تحلیل داده‌ها شامل: 3 مرحلۀ کدگذاری باز، مفاهیم و مقولات و سپس، تحلیل مراحل استعدادیابی در فوتبال آلمان بود.
یافته‌ها: فرآیند استعدادیابی در فوتبال آلمان شامل 4 مرحله است: رشد و پرورش پایه؛ رشد و پرورش استعداد؛ رشد و پروش نخبه؛ فوتبال حرفه‌ای یا قهرمانی. به‌منظور اثربخشی این برنامه، همکاری نزدیکی میان فدراسیون فوتبال، سازمان لیگ، دولت، دانشگاه‌های علوم ورزشی، هماهنگ‌کننده‌ها، باشگاه‌های حرفه‌ای، باشگاه‌های آماتور منطقه، انجمن‌های ایالتی و منطقه‌ای، مدارس آموزش و پرورش، تیم‌های ملی، مربیان آلمان، کمیتۀ آکادمی‌ها، آکادمی‌های جوانان، آکادمی فوتبال محلی و بین‌المللی، پایگاه‌های استعدادیابی، مراکز پیشرفت بازیکن، مدارس فوتبال نخبه، کمپ‌های فوتبال، اتحادیه بازیکنان حرفه‌ای فوتبال، ایجاد شده است.
نتیجه‌گیری: برای بهره‌مندی از الگوی کشورهای پیشرو در ایران لازم است برنامه‌ای راهبردی تدوین و دنبال شود. همچنین، فدراسیون فوتبال با باشگاه‌ها، هیئت‌های فوتبال، شهرداری، مدارس آموزش و پرورش، دولت به‌عنوان نهاد حاکمیتی، وزارت ورزش و جوانان و مربیان همکاری نزدیکی داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

فیشر، ریچارد و بیلی، ریچارد. (1391). استعدادیابی و استعدادپروری در ورزش. ترجمه دکتر فرناز ترابی و شقایق جعفرپور، چاپ اول، تهران: نشر علوم ورزشی (حتمی).
خادمی، مژگان؛ محمدی، عیسی و ونکی، زهره. (2014). مروری روایتی بر مضامین و ویژگی‌های اساسی در نظریه بنیادی کلاسیک. مجله ایرانی آموزش در علوم پزشکی، 14(6)، 539–549.
خنیفر، حسین و مسلمی، ناهید. (1395). اصول و مبانی روش‌های پژوهش کیفی: رویکردی نو و کاربردی. چاپ اول، تهران: نگاه‌ دانش.
Abraham, S. (2018). Made in Germany: DFB, decided to revamp their game through the youth system—The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/made-in-germany-dfb-decided-to-revamp-their-game-through-the-youth-system/articleshow/59730031.cms?from=mdr
Alagic, A. (2017). German football is reaping the rewards of their football strategy -Amir Alagic’s blog. https://xtratime.in/german-football-is-reaping-the-rewards-of-their-football-strategy-amir-alagics-blog/
Augste, C., & Lames, M. (2011). The relative age effect and success in German elite U-17 soccer teams. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(9), 983–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.574719
Baker, J., Schorer, J., & Wattie, N. (2018). Compromising Talent: Issues in Identifying and Selecting Talent in Sport. Quest, 70(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2017.1333438
Bate, A. (2018). Belgium are much more than a golden generation and it is not luck. Sky Sports. https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12098/11387201/belgium-are-much-more-than-a-golden-generation-and-it-is-not-luck
Bender, T, Schild, T., & Schweizer, H. (2011). 10 Years of Academies—Talent pools of top-level German football.pdf. DFL Deutsche Fußball Liga GmbH. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0b3Jnc2FoYWl1a2VufGd4OjYzMjE5NzZmZDRmNWVhY2I
Bender, Tom, Schild, T., & Schweizer, H. (2011, March 25). 10 Years of Academies—Talent pools of top-level German football.pdf. DFL Deutsche Fußball Liga GmbH. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0b3Jnc2FoYWl1a2VufGd4OjYzMjE5NzZmZDRmNWVhY2I
Bloom, A. M. (2017, October 24). The Equalizer: What we can learn from Belgium. The Tufts Daily. https://tuftsdaily.com/sports/2017/10/24/equalizer-can-learn-belgium/
Boehm, A. (2004). Chapter 5.13 “Theoretical Coding: Text Analysis in Grounded Theory.” Sage Publications Ltd.
Browaeys, B. (2013). The Belgian vision on youth development. https://www.soccercoach.eu/inter/belvision.pdf
Brown, W. (2013). Youth Football: French Excellence. VAVEL. https://www.vavel.com/en/football/2013/05/31/241021.html
BVB. (2017). BVB partners are “Elite Football Academies.” http://www.bvb.de/eng/News/Overview/BVB-partners-are-Elite-Football-Academies/
Chesler, D. (2013). 2001-2013 The Evolution of Youth Academy Programs. Technical Director Course - International Academy Case Study. http://resources.ussoccer.com/n7v8b8j3/cds/Email/131106-TECHNICAL-SUMMARY-ICS-GERMANY-Chesler-v.1.pdf
Coerver. (2019). Coerver news. https://www.coerver.gr/news
Corbin, J. M., Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications.
Crane, M. (2017). Comparative success of professional football academies in the top five English leagues during the 2016/17 season.
Deutsche Welle. (2016). Football Made In Germany. https://www.dw.com/en/football-made-in-germany/av-19284127
DeutscheWelle. (2007, Mach). German and US Soccer Officials Sign Cooperation Deal | Sports. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/german-and-us-soccer-officials-sign-cooperation-deal/a-2383611
DFB. (n.d.). Talente_DFB Leitfaden_Ziele_und_Strukturen_Talentfoerderprogramm-. https://www.badfv.de/files/Dokumente/2.06_Talente/Talente_DFB-Leitfaden_Ziele_und_Strukturen_Talentfoerderprogramm.pdf
DFB. (2007, October 23). DFB and French Federation FFF intensify their relations: DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. DFB News. https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/dfb-and-french-federation-fff-intensify-their-relations-12534/
DFB. (2013a). Dfbnet Broschuere. DFB. https://www.dfb.de/fileadmin/_dfbdam/25700-DFBnet-Broschuere-Neuauflage-2013-EN.pdf
DFB. (2013b). Dfbnet Broschuere. DFB. https://www.dfb.de/fileadmin/_dfbdam/25700-DFBnet-Broschuere-Neuauflage-2013-EN.pdf
DFB. (2014a). Talent Development in the German Football Association. https://www.soccercoach.eu/info/gftalent.pdf
DFB. (2014b). Talent Development in the German Football Association. Deutscher Fußball-Bund. https://www.soccercoach.eu/info/gftalent.pdf
DFB. (2015). Talent Development Programme: Projects: DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. https://www.dfb.de/en/projects/talent-development-programme/
DFB. (2016). DFBnet and FUSSBALL.DE. DFB. https://www.dfb.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DFBnetBroschuere_ENG_FINAL_WEB.pdf
DFB. (2017). Masterplan Koordinator- WDFV. https://wdfv.de/media/masterplan_stellenausschreibung__fvn.pdf
DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund. (2014). DFB-Youth development program. http://www.kthi.is/skrar/file/Fyrirlestur%20%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0verjans.pdf
DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund. (2015). DFB-Seminar” Football worldwide experiences in economic, education and social actions”. Seminar”Football worldwide experiences in economic, education and social actions”. https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/comissoes/comissoes-temporarias/especiais/55a-legislatura/reformulacao-da-legislacao-do-esporte/documentos/audiencias-publicas/jennifer-schroder
Dieker, A. (2017). Youth Development in Germany: The Structure that won World Cup 2014. EIF Soccer. http://www.eifsoccer.com/articles/youth-development-germany/
DJW. (2011). Why Germany is so successful with Youth Development. RangersMedia. http://forum.rangersmedia.co.uk/topic/202941-why-germany-is-so-successful-with-youth-development/
Doostdari, S., Ashraf Ganjoui, F., & Soheily, B. (2015). A Survey of Football Talent Identification Problems. Journal of Sport Management, 7(4), 621–635. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.55971
Englisch, J., Schott, U., Hink, W., Köttker, R., Ullrich, H., Strich, D., Blask, H., & Paepke, J. (2016). European sport policy-Overview of sport issues on the EU agenda. https://www.dfb.de/fileadmin/_dfbdam/125449-EU_Sportpolitik_E_2016_web.pdf
Ermisvfland. (2014). The German Football Masterplan. https://ermisvfland.wordpress.com/2014/04/10/the-german-football-masterplan/
ESTO. (2017). ESTO-Germany-Report. European Syntethic Turf Organisation. https://www.estc.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ESTO-Germany-Report.pdf
FA. (n.d.). Schools’ Competition National Football Framework. http://www.thefa.com/~/media/files/pdf/get%20into%20football/schoolscompetitionframework.ashx
Feichtinger, P. (2015). Psychological diagnostics in the talent development program of the German Soccer Association: A stepwise procedure to examine the relevance of personality characteristics in talented soccer players [Universität Tübingen]. https://doi.org/10.15496/publikation-8552
FFA. (2007). National Football Development Plan- Making Australia a World Leader in the World Game. http://www.klufc.org.au/publications/ffa-national-football-development-plan
FFA. (2015). Whole_of_Football_Plan-Australia. http://www.wholeoffootballplan.com.au/pdfs/Whole_of_Football_Plan.pd
Fundação Real Madrid. (2014, July 15). German Football Association—Talent Development [Sports]. https://www.slideshare.net/PedMenCoach/german-football-association-talent-development
Gagnon, J. P. (2014). 10 years of Academies by The Deutscher Fussball Bund (DFB). Samourais Du Web. http://www.samouraisduweb.com/2014/09/10-years-of-academies-by-deutscher.html
Gagnon, J.-P. (2014, September 26). 10 years of Academies by The Deutscher Fussball Bund (DFB) [Samourais du web]. http://www.samouraisduweb.com/2014/09/10-years-of-academies-by-deutscher.html
Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Sociology Press.
Goalzz. (2010). Germany reap rewards of youth system. https://www.goalzz.com/?n=73266
Grossmann, B., & Lames, M. (2013). Relative Age Effect (RAE) in Football Talents – the Role of Youth Academies in Transition to Professional Status in Germany. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 13(1), 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868636
Grossmann, B., Lames, M., & Stefani, R. (2015a). From Talent to Professional Football – Youthism in German Football. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 10(6), 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.6.1103
Grossmann, B., Lames, M., & Stefani, R. (2015b). From Talent to Professional Football – Youthism in German Football. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 10, 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.6.1103
Güllich, A. (2013). Selection, de-selection and progression in German football talent promotion. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(6), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.858371
Hackbarth, T., Hildebrandt, Dr. A., Hink, W., Gunter, Prof. D., Pilz, A., Rieth, Dr. L., Schulte, S., & Tietz, O. (2013). Football Is The Future. https://www.dfb.de/fileadmin/_dfbdam/27985-DFB_Nachhaltigkeitsbericht_ENG.pdf
Hadavi, F., & Zarifi, A. (2009). Talent Identification and Development Model in Iranian Athletics. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Talent-Identification-and-Development-Model-in-Hadavi-Zarifi/3d8298131a32dacfc7cdb669121b60f663dc6594
Han, K. (2016). 5 Lessons in Talent Management from the German National Football Team. Blog Heavenhr. https://blog.heavenhr.com/2016/06/14/5-lessons-in-talent-management-from-the-german-national-football-team/
Heidelberg University. (2016). Further information the the institut. https://www.issw.uni-heidelberg.de/informations.html
Hesse, U. (2016). How Germany’s awful Euro 2000 forced a mass restructure–and why it wouldn’t work for England. https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/how-germanys-awful-euro-2000-forced-a-mass-restructure-and-why-it-wouldnt-work-england
Honigstein, R. (2015, September 5). How German football rose from the ashes of 1998 to become the best in the world. The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/sep/05/germany-football-team-youth-development-to-world-cup-win-2014
Howie, L., & Allison, W. (2015). The English Football Association Charter for Quality: The development of junior and youth grassroots football in England. Soccer & Society, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2015.1100897
James, S. (2013). How Germany went from bust to boom on the talent production line. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/may/23/germany-bust-boom-talent
James, S. (2014, June 6). Belgium’s blueprint that gave birth to a golden generation | Stuart James. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/jun/06/belgium-blueprint-gave-birth-golden-generation-world-cup-
Jones, M., & Alony, I. (2011). Guiding the Use of Grounded Theory in Doctoral Studies – An Example from the Australian Film Industry. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 6. https://doi.org/10.28945/1429
Kazinform. (2012, July 20). Kazakhstan, Germany develop children football together. Kazinform. https://www.inform.kz/en/article/2480796
Kim, J. (2008). An Analysis of Talent Development in Korean and German Football [Seoul National University]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Analysis-of-Talent-Development-in-Korean-and-Kim/5fff3eeafe4f5a4465bc1fbb0714ff7367392d55
Köln, F. (, n). Youth academy—1. FC Köln. https://fc.de/en/fc-info/club/youth-development/youth-academy/
Kulish, N. (2012). As Europe Struggles, Germany Invests Heavily in Soccer—The New. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/26/sports/soccer/as-europe-struggles-germany-invests-heavily-in-soccer.html
Lewis, R. (2007). A review of young player development in professional football—Ngin. The FA & Premier League & The Football League. http://assets.ngin.com/attachments/document/0001/3697/ReviewofYoungPlayerDevelopment1_1_.pdf
Lindberg, M. (2015). Ulf Schott – Director of the German Football Federation | Sports Business institute. Sports Business Institute Barcelona. http://sbibarcelona.com/test/ulf-schott-director-of-the-german-football-federation/
Long, D. (2018, August 9). Clairefontaine – The heart of the French revolution. Your Site Title. https://thefootballpink.com/posts/2018/10/25/clairefontaine-the-heart-of-the-french-revolution
M Williams, A., & Reilly, T. P. (2000). Talent identification and development in soccer. 18(9), 657–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120041
Malone, E. (2014). Inside German Football: Vorsprung durch technique - Germany’s formula for success. https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/inside-german-football-vorsprung-durch-technique-germany-s-formula-for-success-1.1958435
Mann, D., Dehghansai, N., & Baker, J. (2017). Searching for the Elusive Gift: Advances in Talent Identification in Sport. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.016
Mendonça, Í. de O. (2014). Bundesliga Report—10 years of academies—Talent pools of top-level. https://www.slideshare.net/italomen/dfl-leistungszentren2011-gb
Ming, L. (2017). Analysis of the Main Causes of the Successful Development of German Football and Its Enlightenment to China. 4th International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science (ICEMAESS 2017). https://doi.org/10.2991/icemaess-17.2017.131
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group PPreferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6: e1000097. Open Medicine : A Peer-Reviewed, Independent, Open-Access Journal, 3, e123-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005
Niemann, A., & Brand, A. (2008). The impact of European integration on domestic sport: The case of German football. Sport in Society, 11(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430701717822
Norman, A., Barnhofer, N., Brause, S., Brideband, J., Dohren, T., Eiermann, S., Elgner, F., Geis, M., Grittner, J., Hackbarth, T., Hartwig, K., Herz, M., Hofmann, S., Ludeke, S., Morsch, M., Muller, C., Muras, U., Rajber, R., Scheffler, P., … Voigt, H.-U. (2015). DFB_A-Z_UK_lowRes.pdf. DFB. https://www.dfb.de/fileadmin/_dfbdam/61175-DFB_A-Z_UK_lowRes.pdf
Ofthedoor. (2013, March 19). How France detects and produces young football players year after year. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/soccer/comments/1alzrz/how_france_detects_and_produces_young_football/
Osman, S. (2013). AFC renew partnership with German Football Association | Goal.com. Goal. https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2013/02/22/3770796/afc-renew-partnership-with-german-football-association
Parliament. (2011, July 29). House of Commons—Football Governance—Culture, Media and Sport Committee. Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmcumeds/792/79210.htm
Peltola, E. (1992). Talent Identification. 7(3), 7–12.
Premier League. (2019). Premier League Elite Player Performance Plan—EPPP. https://www.premierleague.com/youth/EPPP
Price, L. (2015). The Bundesliga Blueprint: How Germany Became the Home of Football. Bennion Kearny, Limited. https://books.google.com/books?id=B3z2sgEACAAJ
Price, Lee. (2015). The Bundesliga Blueprint: How Germany Became the Home of Football.
Régnier, G., Salmela, J., & Russell, S. J. (1993). Talent detection and development in sport. Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, 290–313.
Ringrose, F. (2017, June 9). Intensive exchange between clubs and associations at first Chinese-German Football Summit. SVG Europe. https://www.svgeurope.org/blog/headlines/intensive-exchange-between-clubs-and-associations-at-first-chinese-german-football-summit/
Rose, F. (2016). Market Insight: The Bundesliga - Europe’s gold mine for the continent’s best young talent. https://www.soccerex.com/insight/articles/2016/the-bundesliga-europe-s-gold-mine-for-the-continent-s-best-young-talent
Sandelowski, M., & Barroso, J. (2007). Handbook for Synthesizing Qualitative Research. Springer Publishing Company.
Schmidt, S., & Stegmann, T. (2016a). Creating World Champions: How German Soccer Went from Shambles to Champions. Meyer & Meyer Sport. https://books.google.com/books?id=9Lp4DwAAQBAJ
Schmidt, S., & Stegmann, T. (2016b). Creating World Champions: How German Soccer Went from Shambles to Champions. Meyer & Meyer Sport.
Schmitt, M. (2015). Youth development in German football, part one: Investing. https://www.bayerncentral.com/2015/02/youth-development-german-football-investing/
Schorer, J., & Elferink-Gemser, M. (2013). How good are we at predicting athletes’ futures. Developing Sport Expertise: Researchers and Coaches Put Theory into Practice. 2nd Ed. London: Routledge, 30–40.
Simon. (2015). DFB - Youth Development | Football | German football youth development | German grassroots football. Arsenal-Esque. http://arsenal-esque.blogspot.com/2015/03/dfb-youth-development-football-germany.html?m=1
Soccer Camps. (2019). England Summer Football Soccer Camps, Soccer Schools Training England. Soccer Camps International. https://soccercampsinternational.com/england-soccer-camps/
Soccer Ground. (n.d.). Mini Pitches—SoccerGround. USP GmbH & Co. KG. https://www.soccerground.com/downloads/soccerground-products.pdf
Soccer Ground. (2018). DFB 1000 Mini Pitches project-The largest Grass Roots initiative of the German Football Association. https://www.soccerground.net/news/mini_pitches/35/DFB-1000-mini-pitches-project
Staff Writer. (2017, June 27). FFA signs Memorandum of Understanding with DFB. MyFootball. https://www.myfootball.com.au/news/ffa-signs-memorandum-understanding-dfb
Stahl, R. (2001). The French Football Federation Youth Development Program Working with year old Players—PDF. DocPlayer. https://docplayer.net/22870760-The-french-football-federation-youth-development-program-working-with-13-15-year-old-players.html
Stahl, R. (2002). THE FRENCH FOOTBALL FEDERATION TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD AND PLAYER SELECTION PROCESS. 3.
Stöber, B. (2017). The road to success Bernd Stöber. DFB. http://www.aefca.eu/contenu/uploads/2017/11/The-road-to-success-Bernd-Stöber.pdf
The FA. (2011). Long Term Player Development—Ngin. https://assets.ngin.com/attachments/document/0001/6827/LTPD_ThePage.pdf
Tschan, F. (2008). Bund Deutscher Fussball-Lehrer (BDFL) International Coaches Convention. Bund Deutscher Fussball-Lehrer. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/38035315/bund-deutscher-fussball-lehrer-bdfl-international-coaches-
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim. (n.d.). Elite School » TSG Hoffenheim. https://www.achtzehn99.de/en/teams/academy/elite-school/
Tupas, C. P. (2011, June 10). Germans boost PFF grassroots program. Inquirer.Net. https://sports.inquirer.net/4738/germans-boost-pff-grassroots-program
University of Alabama at Birmingham. (2019). UAB Soccer Camp with Mike German—Soccer Skill Development Camp for Younger People. UAB Soccer Camp. https://uabsoccercamp.com/
Van Hoecke, J, Schoukens, H., Lochmann, M., & Laudenklos, P. (2008). Foot PASS Deutschland: Managing Performance in the Bundesliga through the Certification of Youth Academies. 16th Conference of the European Association for Sport Management: book of proceedings. http://easm.net/download/2008/1c3275cdcfe4b7acd42f74b683e1ab93.pdf
Van Hoecke, J, Schoukens, H., Simm, S., Isakowitz, M., & Sutter, R. D. (2010). Refinement of the Foot PASS model for a high quality certification academy. 18th Conference of the European Association for Sport Management: book of proceedings. https://www.easm.net/download/2010/d38a78aa22cee9d2041317e9cdfe66f0.pdf
Van Hoecke, J, Schoukens, Simm, H., Isakowitz, S., Sutter, M. D., & Robbie. (2011). The Classification Of Youth Academies In German Professional Football Clubs. 19th Conference of the European Association for Sport Management: book of proceedings. https://www.easm.net/download/2011/f5b0343de5aa6b3b48b0958ee6741e02.pdf
Van Hoecke, Jo, Schoukens, H., Simm, S., & De Bosscher, V. (2009). Measuring the performance of professional youth academies: The case of the Bundesliga. 17th Conference of the European Association for Sport Management: book of proceedings. http://www.easm.net/download/2009/c6fd1e9aa46360250e029719340fe027.pdf
Votteler, A., & Honer, O. (2014). The relative age effect in the German Football TID Programme: Biases in motor performance diagnostics and effects on single motor abilities and skills in groups of selected players. Eur J Sport Sci, 14(5), 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.837510
Votteler, A., & Höner, O. (2017). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the relative age effect in German youth football. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-017-0457-0
Weiss, S. (2013, July 18). German Youth Development. Goonersphere. http://goonersphere.com/team-lineup/simon-says/58-german-youth-development
Whitney, C. (2013). Gotze & Reus Are Just the Start: How German Football Produces Talent Without End. Bleacher Report. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1589510-gotze-reus-are-just-the-start-how-german-football-produces-talent-without-end