Abstract

Summary
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of resilience training on psychological well-being and perceived stress of volleyball coaches. All male volleyball coaches in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinc were randomly divided into groups Resilience training intervention based on the Henderson's theory, and was implemented for 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The Ryff’s Psychological Welfare Questionnaire and Cohen’s Perceived Stress Questionnaire were used. The results showed that resilience training had a significant effect on the perceived stress and psychological well-being of volleyball coaches. The inclusion of resilience training in training programs of volleyball coaches will be effective.
Introduction
The results of some studies show that coaches experience various stresses that often seem to have a harmful effect on their psychological well-being (1). In addition, developing resilience seems to be an important skill for coaches that can help reduce some of the negative effects of stressors and help them grow in their careers (2). Improving resilience is also among the treatments and pieces of training that therapists use to improve psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is investigating the effectiveness of resilience training on the level of psychological well-being and perceived stress of male volleyball coaches in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.
Methodology and Approach
The current research work is a semi-experimental type, which was conducted by pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included the volleyball coaches of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 30 of these coaches were selected by a purposive method and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups (each group included 15 people). The experimental group underwent resilience training for eight sessions (90 minutes) but the control group did not receive any intervention. The criteria for entering the intervention include having a coaching card of at least second grade, having a team in championships, and receiving voluntary consent, as well as the criteria for leaving the research including the absence of more than one session and the lack of interest to continue training. The Ryff’s psychological well-being questionnaire (1989) and Cohen's perceived stress questionnaire (1983) were used to collect the data. 10 expert university professors confirmed the validity of the tools. The reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data using the SPSS (version 24) software.
The Henderson and Milstein's (1996) resiliency training protocol was used for resiliency training, the topics of which included self-awareness, value, effective communication, bonding, foresight, decision-making self-efficacy, problem-solving self-efficacy, responsibility self-efficacy, control of emotions, and meaningfulness. Its creators have reported the construct validity of this protocol as adequate. This educational program was implemented in eight 90-minute sessions, and the process of each session included checking the notes and assignments of the previous session; direct teaching by lecture method; group discussion; intellectual challenge and a summation of the meeting, and various methods of intervention was used, including lectures, group discussions, modeling by the researcher, staging and role-playing exercises and doing tasks at home (3). It should be noted that the people of the experimental group did not receive any other intervention during the training sessions.
Results and Conclusion
The age of the experimental group was 34.73 ± 5.52 years, and the average age of the control group was 35.06 ± 4.22 years. The educational status of 4 coaches (13.3%) was diploma, 18 (60%) had bachelor's degree, and 8 (26.7%) had master's degree and doctorate. 20 people (66.7%) had between 1-10 years of coaching experience, 9 people (30%) had between 11-20 years, and 1 (3.3%) had more than 20 years of coaching experience. According to the results listed in Table 1, resilience training has a significant effect on perceived stress (p = 0.001, F = 30.25) and psychological well-being (p = 0.001, F = 30.94) . The size of the effect (r²) is 0.427 and 0.412, respectively. This means that about 43% of the changes in the post-test scores of the psychological well-being test, and about 41% of the changes in the post-test scores of perceived stress are related to resilience training. 
The results of this research work showed that resilience training increased the psychological well-being and perceived stress of the volleyball coaches. Resilience training teaches people the skill of thinking and then behaving more politely in the face of problems and stressful situations, considering that volleyball coaches have uncomfortable and stressful thoughts in most sports situations. Therefore, resilience by affecting the thought processes involved in controlling the individual provides the possibility of drawing and achieving some resilience strategies. As a result, it plays an important role in dealing with stressful events and acts as a source of resistance and a protective shield. By improving resilience, a person can stand and master stressful factors as well as factors that cause danger (4). Resilience has a positive relationship with positive emotions and a negative relationship with negative emotions. Since stress feels like a negative emotion, it makes sense to reduce resilience. It also creates better coping strategies and defense mechanisms in people. People with high resilience deal with stressful events with optimism, assertiveness, and self-confidence. As a result, the event is controllable for them. Optimistic attitudes control processing and the individual uses more coping strategies and increases coping with informational situations and reduces tension (5). It is used in order to improve the mental health of coaches. It is also recommended to include relevant training in the training courses for the coaches so that when the coaches enter the training environment and then the competition environment, it will cause more control and as a result, more effectiveness for the team and the club. Complex and appropriate feedback is more likely to improve teamwork.

Keywords

• Resilience
• Psychological well-being
• Perceived stress
• Volleyball coaches

Main Subjects

• آموزش، یادگیری و توسعه منابع انسانی در ورزش