Karim Zohrevandian; Esfandiar Khosravizadeh; Ehsan Shakeri
Abstract
Summary
The present work was done to investigate the role of talent management in maintaining the players of football clubs in the Isfahan province. The results obtained showed that talent management has a positive and significant effect on the dimensions of maintenance of the players. Talent management ...
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Summary
The present work was done to investigate the role of talent management in maintaining the players of football clubs in the Isfahan province. The results obtained showed that talent management has a positive and significant effect on the dimensions of maintenance of the players. Talent management has a positive and significant effect on not leaving the club, job stability and security, and not empting the team key positions. Given the role of talent management in retaining the players in football clubs, it can be said that the club managers must consider careful planning to manage talent at all levels in order to retain talent in their club, and prevent them from leaving, and improve the club's performance.
Introduction
Human resources are the most valuable resources of an organization; the productivity of any organization depends on their activities, and their effective management is necessary to achieve the goals of the organization (1). Football clubs also act as an organization whose human resources include the players, coaches, and club staff. Attracting and retaining the capable players in the club plays a very important role in the success of football clubs (2). In this regard, talent management and talent development saves time, human, and financial resources (3). Therefore, it can be said that talent management in professional football is very important in the success of clubs. On the other hand, organizations that are unable to design and apply appropriate methods and measures for the longevity of their talents will inevitably have to witness their departure from the organization, which always imposes high costs on the organization (4). Football clubs, as an organization where the players and coaches are considered as the employees are no exception to this rule. Many times, we see the issue that the players leave their club and join other clubs, which causes many difficulties for the club to replace these players. In order to avoid this problem, clubs should always seek to keep their players. Therefore, the purpose of this research work was to investigate the effect of talent management on the three main factors in the retention of football players in the Isfahan province, i.e. not leaving vacant team positions, stability and job security, and not leaving the club on behalf of the players and coaches.
Methodology and Approach
In terms of purpose, the current research work was applied, and in terms of data collection, it was descriptive-correlational. The study population was all the players and coaches of football clubs in the Isfahan province (800 people) who were present in the national and provincial leagues, and the sampling in this research work was stratified-relative method (N = 200). The data was collected by the Talent Management Questionnaire of Nikpoor (2017) and Maintenance Questionnaire of Ghosi et al. (2015). The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts, and the reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. For analyzing the data, the SPSS software (version 16) was used to prepare the data and descriptive statistics, and to test the model, the partial least squares method of structural equation modeling was used with the Smart PLS (version 3) software.
Results and Conclusion
Descriptive results showed that 23.9% of the sample (184 people) were women and 76.1% were men. The average of talent management was 3.146, the average of not leaving the club was 3.745, the average of not leaving vacancies was 3.086, and the average of job stability was 3.176. In order to fit the structural model, path coefficients and significant numbers of t, determination coefficient index, Stone- Geisser Q2 index were used, and the determination coefficient values showed that talent management explained about 19% of the variance of not leaving the club but in other parts, the average determination coefficient was higher than the average (0.33). The Stone-Geisser Criterion (Q2) also showed that the structural model was of good quality, and all the T value were greater than 2.58, which meant that all the specified paths had a confidence level of 99% and the appropriateness of the structural model. Talent management with a path coefficient of 0.559 was able to predict 0.313 of the total variance of not empting team key positions. Also, talent management with a path coefficient of 0.435 was able to predict 0.189 of the total variance of not leaving the club; and finally, talent management with a path coefficient of 0.619 could predict 0.384 of the total variance of job stability. The goodness of fit index (GOF) was equal to 0.41, which indicated the good fit of the overall model. According to the results of this research work, through the accurate implementation of talent management, club managers can ensure that, through the creation of a talent fund, they always have high-quality and technical players available, and in this way, save the maximum amount of money spent on buying the players for different positions. The point that the research work emphasizes is that by using talent management and by identifying talented players and placing people in the succession process, it is possible to help improve the performance of the club in terms of technical and financial results.
Abstract
Summary
The aim was to identify and model the effective factors on the development of employment of sports science graduates, and provide a conceptual framework. The research method was descriptive-correlation. According to the findings, the model included three environmental and ecosystem levels, structural ...
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Summary
The aim was to identify and model the effective factors on the development of employment of sports science graduates, and provide a conceptual framework. The research method was descriptive-correlation. According to the findings, the model included three environmental and ecosystem levels, structural and systemic levels, and then functional and development levels. The fit indices of the model were at a favorable level. Thus the change in the relatively traditional and inefficient system of education in the Azad universities towards new, skill-oriented, and employable approaches requires changes in the generality of the educational system and more independence in the decision-making of educational programs in the Azad universities.
Introduction
The educational systems have employability, skill-oriented, and entrepreneurial orientation (1). The employability of students and graduates depends on the other factors in addition to the quality of education, which have different results based on the regional and ecosystem conditions (2). The sports education and employment system consist of various components and various relationships between them; therefore, management in such a system will be very complex. An Azad University has few acceptable methods to properly measure its adaptation to environmental changes. In this research work, an effort is made to study the factors influencing the employment development of the sports science graduates of the Azad Universities and analyze them in a coordinated way with an ecosystem perspective.
Methodology and Approach
The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included the sports science professors of the Azad Universities, the employed sports science graduates, the managers and professors of the Azad Universities, and the experts in the field of employment in sports. The number of samples was estimated and selected based on the sufficient number for modeling in the PLS software, 10 to 20 times the number of questions related to the variable with the most questions in the model (3). Therefore, 168 people were estimated to be 12 times the number of variable questions with the highest number of questions (14 questions in employment development strategies). The research tool was a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative phase of the research work. For this purpose, the systematic library study and exploratory interview were used. In the qualitative part, sampling was done with a purposeful (judgmental) method until a theoretical saturation was reached (16 people). These people included the university professors, executive managers, entrepreneurs, and post-graduate graduates (business owners in sports) in the field of physical education. The questionnaire was set on a five-point Likert scale (from very low = 1 to very high = 5). The face and content validity of the questionnaire was given to six professors and six administrators and confirmed. The reliability or internal consistency of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (ɑ = 0.86). In inferential statistics, it was designed using the partial least squares method in three parts: the measurement model, the structural model, and the general model. The structural model section also contains all the structures mentioned in the main model of the research work, and the degree of correlation between the structures and the relationships between them is the focus and attention in this part. In the general model section, which includes both measurement and structural model sections, the fit check in a model is completed by verifying its fit.
Result and Conclusion
In the fitting of the model, the first investigated index was included, which was favorable. For the differential validity of the measurement model, the Fornell and Locker's criterion was used, which was favorable. It is a reliability analysis index that is equal to and above 7 0, and is listed as appropriate. The value of R2 was calculated to fit the endogenous (dependent) structures of the model, and had three levels: weak, medium and strong. The Q2 criterion specifies the predictive power of the model, and in the case of an endogenous construct, it specifies the weak, medium, and strong predictive power. The results of the quantitative part showed that in the structural equation model of the research work, all fit indices were favorable.
Based on the path analysis of the relationships between the main variables, it was determined that the approaches of the educational system had a positive and significant effect on the sports science capabilities of the Azad Universities, the management of graduate employment challenges, and the capacities of the employment system in sports. The market of employment trends had a positive and significant effect on the management of graduate employment challenges and the capacities of the employment system in sports. The sports science capabilities of the Azad Universities had a positive and significant effect on the capacities of the employment system in sports and the strategies for developing the employment of the graduates. The capacities of the employment system in sports had a positive and significant effect on the management of graduate employment challenges and graduate employment development strategies. Management of graduate employment challenges had a positive and significant effect on the graduate employment development strategies. The graduate employment development strategies had a positive and significant effect on the possible and preferred outcomes. It is suggested that the components, themes, and framework presented in this research work should be used for the conceptual enrichment of documents and programs, comprehensiveness in decisions and actions, as well as process perspective in the evaluation and management of performance related to education and employment of graduates. From a systemic viewpoint, the approach of relationships between the variables is from the ecosystem-environmental factors (precedence and contextual role) to structural-systemic factors (process role), and finally, the functional-consequence factors (consequence role). From the multi-level viewpoint, the macro-micro factors and the individual-organizational-institutional factors have been identified. A previous research work also confirms the generality of the research conceptual model. The generality of the model is aligned and compatible with the model-oriented research in the fields of the country's sports entrepreneurship ecosystem. However, the difference between this research work and other previous research works is related to the application of the ecosystem approach in identifying and framing the influencing variables. In fact, the structures of the conceptual model of this research work are a combination of the main conceptual structures (sports sciences, free university, employment, labor market, etc.) with an internal and external perspective.
Abstract
Summary
The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the social responsibility of sports clubs during the Corona era on human resource management. This qualitative research work is done using the Glaserian Approach of data foundation theory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the social responsibility of sports clubs during the Corona era on human resource management. This qualitative research work is done using the Glaserian Approach of data foundation theory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sampling technique based on theoretical saturation with 13 experts. The result of analyzing the collected data is identifying 39 concepts and 13 categories under the heading of organizational mission, organizational rules, supportive spirit, managers' attitude, individual skills, collective skills, responsible behaviors, dignity and respect, human capital, and information. Therefore, the social responsibility of sports clubs based on manpower management in the Corona period as a product is subject to organizational, behavioral, and cultural inputs.
Introduction
In the framework of the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic, organizations play a central role as part of the economic and social fabric of a country (1). Due to the increasing pressure of the society, the organizations should adopt a socially responsible behavior, and expand their social responsibility policies to adapt to the new conditions (2). Sports clubs as one type of organization offer educational activities in many fields such as meeting the social needs of different strata of society and developing environmental protection activities in the form of social responsibility activities (3). Tabesh et al. (2020) have investigated that sports clubs should prioritize social responsibility activities in order to have a competitive advantage and be successful (4). It is mentioning that social responsibility is becoming a strategic area for sports clubs, and the managers of these clubs should not only have sufficient knowledge and understanding of the development of social responsibility but it is also necessary to plan scientific (5), and because the social responsibility of sports clubs in the era of Corona as a staff subordinate to various institutions and sufficient knowledge of these institutions is not available, the present work tries to answer this question, the phenomenon of social responsibility. What factors are human-based sports clubs subject to during the Corona era?
Methodology and Approach
This qualitative research work was done using the Glaserian Approach of data foundation theory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposeful sampling technique based on theoretical saturation with 13 experts (professors and researchers in the field of sports management, managers, heads of sports boards, staff and employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth). Lincoln and Guba (1985) evaluation criteria including validity, transfer, reliability, and verification criteria were used to evaluate the quality and validity of the results. Finally, the three overlapping processes of open, axial, and selective coding were used to analyze the data. Based on the results of descriptive statistics, 10 participants were male and 3 were female. The education level of most of the participants was doctorate (10 people). Also 5 of them were working as the executive managers in sports clubs, and 8 of them were the members of the university faculty. In this research work, the interviews were examined line by line, conceptualization, categorization based on similarity, conceptual connection and common characteristics between open codes, concepts, and categories. Open codes were identified and marked by the researcher. Then by reviewing and aggregating the codes, 39 concepts were obtained in the open coding stage, and 13 sub-categories and 3 main categories were obtained in the axial coding stage under the heading of organizational mission, organizational rules, supportive spirit, managers' attitude, individual skills, collective skills, responsible behaviors, dignity and respect, human capital, and information. One of the factors affecting social responsibility was the organizational factors. Due to the increasing pressure of the society, the organizations adopt a socially responsible behavior and expand their social responsibility policies to adapt them to the new epidemic conditions (6). This main category includes sub-categories, each of which shows a specific responsibility in sports clubs. These categories include the organization's mission, organizational rules, patronage spirit, and managers' attitude. The findings of the research work showed that behavioral factors were among other things that influenced social responsibility. These factors include individual and collective skills, responsible behaviors, and respect. In personal skills, issues such as decision-making skills in critical situations, growth and development of personal skills, and increasing responsible spirit were discussed. Another finding is related to the cultural factors. Among the cultural factors is the human capital, which refers to matters such as determining the importance of the role of different work groups in the organization, the importance of the role of individuals in the club, and the capitalistic view of human resources. Currently, many sports organizations including professional sports, adopt social responsibility programs. Therefore, it can be said that professional sport leagues and clubs have a significant amount of social responsibility programs (7). On this basis, in order to institutionalize the social responsibility of their clubs and to improve the social aspects of their respective clubs, it is suggested to the managers of the sports clubs to put these factors at the forefront of their work in all their actions and programs.
Abstract
Summary
A proper and simultaneous application of technology management, knowledge management, and innovation management as a triangle of organizational efficiency is the key factor to success. Therefore, creating an efficient structural capacity in the form of supporting innovative activities along ...
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Summary
A proper and simultaneous application of technology management, knowledge management, and innovation management as a triangle of organizational efficiency is the key factor to success. Therefore, creating an efficient structural capacity in the form of supporting innovative activities along with dynamic organizational structures has always been the bedrock of creativity and effective change, which, in turn, leads to the empowerment of the organization in the competitive cycle.
Introduction
The coordination between strategic resources of the organization besides deployment of information system based on information technology generates innovation in operations processing, and consequently, leads to the introduction of new products and services. Therefore, the main purpose of this research work was investigate the impact of top-management support on the innovative processing and providing creative products considering the mediating role of organizational structure and information technology in the sports and youth offices.
Methodology and Approach
The present study is a correlational study, in which the data were collected descriptively and operated in the form of structural equation research. The statistical population of the study included all managers of the sports and youth departments of the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran, and Guilan, in which 200 people were selected by cluster sampling as the statistical sample of the study. The research tools included the Rana and Tipo (2013) top managers support questionnaire with 6 items, organizational structure synergy questionnaire with Mana information technology (2012) in the form of 6 items, and Kim creativity questionnaire (2012) including 10 items. It was set as a 5-point Likert scale (1: never to 5: very high). After confirmation of the contextual and visual validity of the questioner, the internal reliability was confirmed by the experts by the Cronbach's alpha method (α = 0.79). Finally, after insurance of good fit of research model, the data was analyzed using the partial least squares technique )smart PLS( and the SPSS software.
Results and Conclusion
After making insurance of good fit index by triple-indices of Fornell and Larker (loading factors, composite reliability and average variance extracted), the results of path analysis showed that the top manager support had a significant effect on the innovation processing and production of innovative products. The direct effect of the combination of structure and technology on the dimensions of innovation was also significant. The results also showed a significant effect of the managerial support on the integration of information technology and organizational structure. It is suggested that the top managers of sport departments should improve the quality of services by creating supportive policies as well as establishing technology-based organizational structures, while creating efficiency in their operational processes.
Abstract
Summary
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of resilience training on psychological well-being and perceived stress of volleyball coaches. All male volleyball coaches in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinc were randomly divided into groups Resilience training intervention based ...
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Summary
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of resilience training on psychological well-being and perceived stress of volleyball coaches. All male volleyball coaches in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinc were randomly divided into groups Resilience training intervention based on the Henderson's theory, and was implemented for 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The Ryff’s Psychological Welfare Questionnaire and Cohen’s Perceived Stress Questionnaire were used. The results showed that resilience training had a significant effect on the perceived stress and psychological well-being of volleyball coaches. The inclusion of resilience training in training programs of volleyball coaches will be effective.
Introduction
The results of some studies show that coaches experience various stresses that often seem to have a harmful effect on their psychological well-being (1). In addition, developing resilience seems to be an important skill for coaches that can help reduce some of the negative effects of stressors and help them grow in their careers (2). Improving resilience is also among the treatments and pieces of training that therapists use to improve psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is investigating the effectiveness of resilience training on the level of psychological well-being and perceived stress of male volleyball coaches in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.
Methodology and Approach
The current research work is a semi-experimental type, which was conducted by pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included the volleyball coaches of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 30 of these coaches were selected by a purposive method and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups (each group included 15 people). The experimental group underwent resilience training for eight sessions (90 minutes) but the control group did not receive any intervention. The criteria for entering the intervention include having a coaching card of at least second grade, having a team in championships, and receiving voluntary consent, as well as the criteria for leaving the research including the absence of more than one session and the lack of interest to continue training. The Ryff’s psychological well-being questionnaire (1989) and Cohen's perceived stress questionnaire (1983) were used to collect the data. 10 expert university professors confirmed the validity of the tools. The reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data using the SPSS (version 24) software.
The Henderson and Milstein's (1996) resiliency training protocol was used for resiliency training, the topics of which included self-awareness, value, effective communication, bonding, foresight, decision-making self-efficacy, problem-solving self-efficacy, responsibility self-efficacy, control of emotions, and meaningfulness. Its creators have reported the construct validity of this protocol as adequate. This educational program was implemented in eight 90-minute sessions, and the process of each session included checking the notes and assignments of the previous session; direct teaching by lecture method; group discussion; intellectual challenge and a summation of the meeting, and various methods of intervention was used, including lectures, group discussions, modeling by the researcher, staging and role-playing exercises and doing tasks at home (3). It should be noted that the people of the experimental group did not receive any other intervention during the training sessions.
Results and Conclusion
The age of the experimental group was 34.73 ± 5.52 years, and the average age of the control group was 35.06 ± 4.22 years. The educational status of 4 coaches (13.3%) was diploma, 18 (60%) had bachelor's degree, and 8 (26.7%) had master's degree and doctorate. 20 people (66.7%) had between 1-10 years of coaching experience, 9 people (30%) had between 11-20 years, and 1 (3.3%) had more than 20 years of coaching experience. According to the results listed in Table 1, resilience training has a significant effect on perceived stress (p = 0.001, F = 30.25) and psychological well-being (p = 0.001, F = 30.94) . The size of the effect (r2) is 0.427 and 0.412, respectively. This means that about 43% of the changes in the post-test scores of the psychological well-being test, and about 41% of the changes in the post-test scores of perceived stress are related to resilience training.
The results of this research work showed that resilience training increased the psychological well-being and perceived stress of the volleyball coaches. Resilience training teaches people the skill of thinking and then behaving more politely in the face of problems and stressful situations, considering that volleyball coaches have uncomfortable and stressful thoughts in most sports situations. Therefore, resilience by affecting the thought processes involved in controlling the individual provides the possibility of drawing and achieving some resilience strategies. As a result, it plays an important role in dealing with stressful events and acts as a source of resistance and a protective shield. By improving resilience, a person can stand and master stressful factors as well as factors that cause danger (4). Resilience has a positive relationship with positive emotions and a negative relationship with negative emotions. Since stress feels like a negative emotion, it makes sense to reduce resilience. It also creates better coping strategies and defense mechanisms in people. People with high resilience deal with stressful events with optimism, assertiveness, and self-confidence. As a result, the event is controllable for them. Optimistic attitudes control processing and the individual uses more coping strategies and increases coping with informational situations and reduces tension (5). It is used in order to improve the mental health of coaches. It is also recommended to include relevant training in the training courses for the coaches so that when the coaches enter the training environment and then the competition environment, it will cause more control and as a result, more effectiveness for the team and the club. Complex and appropriate feedback is more likely to improve teamwork.
Abstract
Summary
The purpose of this work is to analyze the performance of the Iranian convey in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics, and the qualitative research method is the community officials, coaches, and athletes. The validity and reliability are confirmed. The performance of the Federation and National Paralympic ...
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Summary
The purpose of this work is to analyze the performance of the Iranian convey in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics, and the qualitative research method is the community officials, coaches, and athletes. The validity and reliability are confirmed. The performance of the Federation and National Paralympic Committee, technical staff, athletes, society, and organizations are analyzed. The performance of the national committee and the federation is good in terms of management. The most important problems are the jobs of the athletes. The performance of the technical staff and athletes is positive, and the performance of the community shows the high capacity and support of the community.
Introduction
It is important to pay attention to sports for disabled people because of their physical and mental importance. The Paralympics is the biggest sporting event for the disabled (1, 2, 3). The good results of the Iranian convoy in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics, and the importance of dealing with disabled sports show the necessity of a managerial analysis of the performance of the Iranian convoy in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics. Considering the necessity of analyzing the performance of Iran's convoy, the research gap, less attention to disabled sports, and the priority of implementation time, the current research work aims to analyze the performance of Iran's convoy in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic event.
Methodology and Approach
The research method was qualitative and based on the grounded theory, which was done with the aim of identifying the evaluation indicators and analyzing the performance of the Iranian convoy in the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic event. Data analysis was done according to the Glazer (1992) method. The semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. Three stages of open coding, central coding, and selective coding were performed on the interviews. The participants of the research work were the officials of the federations, professional coaches, and professional athletes participating in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics. The sampling method was purposeful, and the people who were somehow involved in the performance of Iran's convoy in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics were used, and the sampling continued until theoretical saturation, and finally, 21 interviews were conducted. To check the validity and reliability in the qualitative research, criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability were used (4). To determine the validity, the text of the interviews and the coding method were sent to several participants, and their comments were included. Transferability indicates the transferability of findings to other groups and similar environments, which was obtained through documentation of all stages of the research work for the use of other researchers, demographic report, sample experience report, and research environment report. In order to determine the reliability, the intra-subject agreement method of two coders was used. Two coders, experts in sports management and familiar with the coding method, coded the interviews. In this way, three interviews were randomly selected, and two coders coded these three interviews, and the percentage of agreement between the two coders was 82.3%. Considering that this rate is above 60%, the reliability of the research work was confirmed (5).
Results and Conclusion
After step-by-step coding according to the Glazer's method, 17 sub-categories and 4 main categories were analyzed. The first main category raises the performance of federations and the National Paralympic Committee, which includes eight sub-categories of planning, goal setting, management, facilities and equipment, support, incentives, rewards and rights, cultural development and problems of federations and the National Paralympic Committee, and a total of 47 analyzes that include proper planning by Federation, setting targets after each Paralympics for the next Paralympics, setting targets to maintain Iran's rank in medal collection, fixing the problems of the previous Paralympics, setting the criteria for the quorum of the last three periods for the participation of athletes in the competitions, the good performance of all federations, providing suitable facilities and equipment for athletes, holding appropriate and quality training camps before the start of the Paralympic Games, supporting the National Paralympic Committee for athletes, setting salary levels for Paralympic athletes as a living allowance, strengthening the cultural part of the caravan, not assigning jobs to Paralympic athletes, etc .The second main category raises the performance of the technical staff, which includes three sub-categories of coaches' activities, activities of psychologists and team medical staff, and technical staff problems, and a total of 10 analyzes that include the use of athletic, managerial and trained technical staff, the presence of psychologists and medical staff in the convoy, wrong choices of some He is one of the coaches of record disciplines in the competition field, etc. The third main category raises the performance of athletes, which includes three sub-categories of athletes' characteristics, women's successes and athletes' problems, and a total of 21 analyzes that include the efforts and efforts of Paralympic athletes, the record breaking of some athletes in the Paralympics, the efforts of women in Paralympic competitions, the problem of employment and not having a job Paralympic athletes, non-allocation of health insurance to para-athletes, etc. The fourth main category raises the performance of society and organizations, which includes three sub-categories of capacities, community support and organization support, and a total of 12 analyzes including the high capacity of sports in the country, people's support for Paralympic athletes, families' support for athletes, support and cooperation of the Ministry of Sports and, etc. In general, it could be concluded that proper management planning was done in the performance of the National Paralympic Committee and Federations. Also there were good facilities and equipment compared to the previous competitions. In terms of incentives, financial and spiritual incentives were given to the athletes. Among the most important of these problems was the lack of jobs and sources of income for para-athletes. In the personnel department, an acceptable performance was observed. In the performance section of the athletes, it was seen that the motivated para-athletes put in maximum effort, and showed good performance. In the performance of society and organizations, it was shown that the sports capacity of the country in the Paralympic section was high, and the support of the society has increased.
Abstract
Summary
The present research work is conducted with the general purpose of developing a social capital return model for the role of sports volunteers in Iran. The causal, contextual, and intervening factors of developing the social capital return model for the role of sports volunteers, and finally, ...
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The present research work is conducted with the general purpose of developing a social capital return model for the role of sports volunteers in Iran. The causal, contextual, and intervening factors of developing the social capital return model for the role of sports volunteers, and finally, determining the strategies and messages related to it are investigated in a specific research format.
In terms of the purpose, the research work includes the category of fundamental research, and in terms of design, it is an exploratory research type, and is carried out using the data theory. An important source of research data collection is the interviews with the university professors, sports managers, and experts in the field of sports volunteering using the purposeful sampling method and the snowball sampling technique. Coding is done in three stages: open coding, focal coding, and theoretical coding. By analyzing the data obtained from 13 semi-structured interviews with the experts and the literature and the theoretical foundations of the subject and documents, the research work tries to provide a model for the return of social capital for sports volunteering.
Introduction
It is believed that voluntary activities promote social cohesion and trust at a wide level of society (1). Sports and recreation represent a very important part of volunteering in the world (2), and is able to create an environment for the development of relationships in the societies, which can lead to an increase in social capital and understanding of common symbols and creating understanding between the people, and ultimately social cohesion (3). The volunteers in sport experience positive outcomes through participation in sport programs for development including growing communication networks, building social capital, and better integration into their local communities (4). Currently, the necessity of dealing with social capital and its importance in the sports industry is more important than in the past, and is recognized as a key element in sports (5, 6).
In fact, the social function of voluntary activities in sports events in the development and strengthening of social relations is an underlying and fundamental function that has significant effects on the structure of society and the existing relations between social strata, and if it is not placed in the right context, it cannot be the correctness expected from social returns and long-term effects in the society. Therefore, the current research work is looking for the question of what role does volunteering in the sports events play in the return of social capital.
Methodology and Approach
The nature of the current research work was fundamental exploration, and its approach was qualitative, which used the foundation's data strategy. In this work, the systematic plan of Strauss and Corbin strategy was used for data collection and analysis. The participants of the research work were 13 experts and experts in the field of sports volunteering and social capital, and university professors and managers active in the field of sports volunteering, who were selected as the participants in a snowball. Deep, open, and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. All interviews were recorded. After the interviews, the findings were analyzed using the logical inductive method. In the first stage, 563 open codes were extracted from the interviews conducted with the experts. The second stage of coding data was into axial coding; then the central codings were combined, and the content of each of them was put in the form of theoretical codes and then selected codes.
Results and Conclusion
The investigated phenomenon of social capital return research is based on the role of sports volunteers. The necessities and challenges that have raised the need to provide a social capital return model based on the role of sports volunteers are considered as the causal conditions, which include organizational incentives such as cost management and succession management; personal motivations such as liberation and development became personal. The categories of behavioral contexts and formal contexts were considered as the background conditions. The background conditions include social factors including collaborative culture, social approval, and social capital. The individual factors are such as personal concept and personal ability; they formed the macro and organizational management factors.
The motivational, environmental, and organizational categories act as the intervention conditions that work to improve the investigated phenomenon, i.e. return of social capital based on the role of sports volunteers. The cultural factors are such as mistrust and weak teamwork. the structural factors such as administrative processes and the need for special expertise were mentioned as the intervening conditions in this field. In this research work, training, control, and supervision as well as operational strategies have been considered as a strategy to control and respond to the investigated phenomenon, and the promotion strategies include training and learning and spreading the culture of volunteerism. Appreciation and selection including reward system and promotion system were expressed.
Improving individual performance, organization and maintaining volunteering culture, human and financial resource management and organizational flexibility, social reflections such as improvement of social literacy, and return of social capital were among the identified consequences of this research work.
It is important to know how people are affected by volunteering, and also how these effects are reflected in the experiences afterwards. Neglecting this discussion makes the volunteer vulnerable after the event and calls for a better management of the final stages of the volunteer trip as an important challenge considering the limitations in volunteering for sports events. Therefore, it is recommended to pay a proper attention to this issue by training and educating the volunteer managers who are aware and alert to this category. The functions of the sports volunteering system are very diverse, which are different from job orientation, knowledge dissemination, legitimization, entrepreneurship, and creativity, and it is a huge source of opportunities that can be the source of huge changes by entering traditional organizations. It is suggested that the officials of the sports system pay special attention to this category.
Abstract
Summary
The purpose of this research work is to identify the characteristics of the selection of human resources of the Iraqi Wrestling Federation qualitative approach and foundation data method. Semi-structured qualitative interviews are conducted with 16 staff managers of the Ministry of Sports, the ...
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The purpose of this research work is to identify the characteristics of the selection of human resources of the Iraqi Wrestling Federation qualitative approach and foundation data method. Semi-structured qualitative interviews are conducted with 16 staff managers of the Ministry of Sports, the Board of Directors of the Wrestling Federation, and the professors of sports management in Iraq until a theoretical saturation is reached. The findings show 58 themes in the form of 9 features that pay attention to social issues, resources, infrastructure, advertiser, cooperation and partnership, innovative and creative, educational and scientific, responsible, responsive, having individual ability.
Introduction
Now, in the era of globalization and rapid technological advancement, sports organizations require a better management system than in the past to grow and stay at a high level of competition (1).
In order to achieve their goals, the sports organizations need new financial resources, physical resources, human resources, and technical resources, and the managers are constantly making decisions for the correct allocation of these resources (2).
Methodology and Approach
The current research work was an interpretative type with an inductive approach, which, considering the complex nature of information and the mutual effects of various factors on human resources, and in order to identify the characteristics of human resource selection in the Iraqi Wrestling Federation, a qualitative approach and grounded theory method were used. At the first step of the research work, they collected a preliminary list of factors related to the selection of human resources in sports organizations through the background study and the collection of documents and library information, then using the purposeful sampling method, semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews. It was conducted with 16 people from the research community, which included all the staff managers of the Ministry of Sports, the Board of Directors of the Wrestling Federation, and the professors of sports management in Iraq, until reaching a theoretical saturation. At the next step, after conducting the interviews, the findings were analyzed using the context-oriented method. In this way, after conducting and editing the interviews, different opinions were coded and classified in the same conceptual groups and qualitatively analyzed. Coding was done in an open and axial manner. The time of each interview was between 30 and 50 minutes, all the interviews were recorded with the permission of the people, and in order to determine the validity and reliability of this research work, like other qualitative research works, acceptability, transferability, and verifiability were used. In order to increase acceptability in this research work, the data was collected from various sources and various knowledgeable people. In order to check the reliability of the interviews, the intra-subject agreement reliability method of two coders was used, and the reliability rate between the two coders was equal to 73%, which confirmed the reliability of the codings of this research work.
Results and Conclusion
In the open coding phase, 92 initial concepts were extracted from the implemented interviews. In axial coding, the process of relating categories to sub-categories and linking them was done. The extracted concepts and conceptual codes in axial coding. In sports organizations, human resources play a key role. The current research work also pointed out the important features for choosing these people. One of the important and key issues in the selection of human resources is how they relate to the society and pay attention to the social issues (Jafari et al. (2019) and Hosseinpour et al.) Without the existence of certain values in the society, people will have problems in formulating their social goals and ideals. Another important issue is the amount of attention human resources pay to the internal organizational resources. The correct use of the federation's resources and energy, optimal use of the federation's consumables, trustworthiness in the federation's important issues, reduction of the federation's unnecessary expenses, and creation of new sources of income for the federation. Other important factors that are required to select human resources are paying attention to the values and vision and goals of the sports organization including protecting the natural and artificial sports infrastructure, trying to institutionalize the values of the federation, providing a solution to solve the deficiencies in the internal policies and trends of the federation, trying to achieve the goals and vision of the federation, the quality of work based on processes and procedures and trying to achieve work goals. Hammad (2021) (3) and Raqiq et al. (2021) (4) have mentioned the infrastructure issue in their research works. Also the experts agreed that people should be good missionaries; it means to present a positive image of the federation for the athletes and the society to inform other employees about the organizational missions and to transfer their information to their colleagues. Ben Shatouh (2020) (5) mentioned the topic of knowledge transfer in their research work. Cooperation and participation of human resources can play a decisive role in their selection including support and participation in the implementation of federation programs, participation in the system of suggestions and criticisms of the federation, participation in the annual calendar events of the federation, compatibility and accompaniment with the new programs of the federation, communication with the managers and colleagues in the federation, participation in decision-making and organization of the federation issues, and the satisfaction of colleagues and managers for his presence in the federation and welcoming change and transformation. This part of the research work was in line with the research works of Tayibi and Ben Salim (2021) (6) and Habib (2021) (7). Among the other factors are innovative and creative human resources such as providing innovation and initiative in assigned tasks, productivity in performing assigned tasks, inventions and discoveries and obtaining patent licenses, the ability to use new technologies and application software, interest in performing tasks, and having the spirit of innovation in this field.
Abstract
Summary
Sports is a vast and global social phenomenon that is rooted in the lives of young people and adults, men and women. The purpose of this research work is to investigate the impact of social marketing on the development of women's sports in the Ardabil province with the role of mediator of social ...
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Summary
Sports is a vast and global social phenomenon that is rooted in the lives of young people and adults, men and women. The purpose of this research work is to investigate the impact of social marketing on the development of women's sports in the Ardabil province with the role of mediator of social vitality. It is concluded that the development of women's sports among people, as a part of culture, requires long-term planning and having a codified plan with a marketing approach necessary to reach the desired goal.
Introduction
Considering the role and importance of sports in the human life, can people's behavior and attitudes be changed? At the end, this issue has occupied the researcher's mind, why, despite all these numerous research works, the problem of the lack of orientation of the people of the society, especially the women, towards public sports has not been solved in a satisfactory way, and the people of the society have such a desire to participate in public sports. Therefore, the purpose of this research work was to investigate the effect of social marketing on the development of women's sports in the Ardabil province with the role of mediating social vitality.
Methodology and Approach
The current research work was an applied one in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and content, and field data collection. The population of this research work was the female clients of sports clubs in the Ardabil province, as well as women active in parks and morning sports and open places, which was assumed to be unlimited due to the unknown number of female athletes and non-athletes active in clubs and parks. The number of samples in this research work was 6 times the number of identified items by stratified random method, and according to the identification of 75 items, the sample number was 450 people. After collecting the questionnaires, 442 ones were collected, 430 of which were complete and were analyzed. The research tool included the Afarinesh (2007) general sports development questionnaire with 33 questions, which measured the strategies for the development of general sports in the form of 9 dimensions. The components of this questionnaire included the role of mass media, promotion and advertising, places and facilities, leisure time, private sector investment, means of transportation, sports budget, economic situation, and expert human resources. This questionnaire was scored based on a 5-point Likert scale from very low (1 point) to very high (5 points). The Tamizhifar and Azizimehr's social vitality questionnaire (2017) with 13 questions was scored on a five-point Likert scale from very low (1 point) to very high (5 points). The Saberi et al.'s social marketing questionnaire (2018) included 30 questions in 7 components, which included effectiveness, trust, access, price, product, variety, and promotion. The SPSS software was used for descriptive statistics, and the Smart PLS software was used for path analysis and determining the relationship between the variables using structural equation modeling.
Results and Conclusion
Based on Figure 1, it is clear that first in the social marketing department, all the seven dimensions access (0.87), diversity (0.87), promotion (0.87), trust (0.83), product (0.75), price (0.74), and effectiveness (0.71), respectively, had a significant role in explaining social marketing. In the development of public sports, all the nine dimensions private sector (0.87), transportation (0.86), places and facilities (0.85), promotion and advertising (0.84), leisure time (84. 0), mass media (0.77), sports budget (0.76), economic situation (0.76), and specialized human resources (0.74), respectively, had a significant role in explaining the development of public sports. Also based on the path analysis, it was determined that social marketing had a positive and significant effect on the development of public sports with a coefficient of 0.56. Social marketing had a positive and meaningful effect on social vitality with a coefficient of 0.78. Social vitality with a coefficient of 0.35 had a positive and significant effect on the development of public sports. Finally, the development of women's sports among people as a part of culture requires long-term planning and having a written program with a marketing approach necessary to reach the desired goal. Finally, the beneficiaries, managers, and marketers are suggested to pay attention to the categories of social vitality for the development of women's public sports because in this way they can attract the opinions of more users. The social marketing training courses should be held for the employees of sports and youth departments, physical education departments of municipalities, and all those who are somehow related to sports activities. Also make these communities familiar with the range of recreational sports activities and their capabilities. Carry out promotional activities and extensive communication about the benefits of recreational sports through mass media and social networks. Famous and popular sports and artistic people should be used to emphasize the benefits of participation in the recreational sports activities. The successful campings that have been done in connection with social marketing about sports and physical activity should be modeled, and such campings should be held in different regions of the country. Also make leisure cards available to the people and inform them about the benefits of having these cards. In the mountainous and western regions of the country, emphasis should be placed on the recreational sports related to mountains. In the desert areas, the focus is on the recreational sports related to the desert. Water activities should be used for recreational sports in coastal areas or with raging rivers, and in the same way, the capabilities of the country's four seasons should be used to institutionalize the recreational sports.
Abstract
Summary
The present work investigates the effect of transformational leadership on the employee performance of the physical education teachers with the mediating role of identity, work engagement, and adjustment of playful personality. 208 physical education teachers completed the questionnaires. The ...
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Summary
The present work investigates the effect of transformational leadership on the employee performance of the physical education teachers with the mediating role of identity, work engagement, and adjustment of playful personality. 208 physical education teachers completed the questionnaires. The structural equations method was used to analyze the data. The results obtained showed that the transformational leadership impacted performance, work engagement, and organizational identity. Work engagement and organizational identity also affected the employee performance, and a pro-active personality did not have a moderating role. Moreover, only work engagement played a mediating role. Therefore, the results of this work contribute to the literature in this field.
Introduction
In the today's world, the organisations' most critical assets are human resources, and organizations will not be able to achieve their desired goals without them (1). Since the progress and development of each country depends on its education organization, evaluating the teachers' performance in schools to improve the quality of education, and ultimately, comprehensive development of the country is necessary (2). Hence, the researchers try to answer whether it is necessary to improve the quality of education, and ultimately, the country's comprehensive development. Transformational leadership with the mediating role of identity and work engagement and pro-active personality modulator impacts the employee performance of physical education teachers.
Methodology and Approach
The present work was applied in terms of purpose, and was correlational regarding the relationship between the variables. In order to conduct this research work, transformational leadership questionnaires (7 items), organizational identity (4 items), pro-active personality (3 items), and employee performance (3 items), the Buil et al. (2019) (3) and work engagement variable, 9-item Rabiul and Yean (2021) questionnaire (4) were used. The questionnaires were arranged on a 5-degree Likert scale (-1, strongly disagree to -5, strongly agree). The sports management specialists were used to assess the validity of the questionnaire. Besides, the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained in a pilot study (n. 30) using the Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient, and given that the alpha coefficient of all variables was higher than 0.7, the reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed. The statistical population of this work included all the physical education teachers of the province of Kohkilooyeh and Boyer Ahmad. The study's sample size was determined to be 230 people based on the method of the structural equation based on the number of items in the questionnaires, and the available sampling method was used in order to collect the data. Link of the questionnaires in the communication channels of sports teachers. The researchers were also sent separately to the IDs of physical education teachers. Then after completing the questionnaires by the physical education teachers, the anonymous data and questionnaires that were not finished correctly were deleted, and an analysis was performed on 208 questionnaires. In order to describe the data, the descriptive statistics and the SPSS software and the structural equations modeling, and the PLS software were used for the inferential analysis of data.
Result and Conclusion
The results of descriptive analysis showed that the largest sample size belonged to men, 115 (55.3%). Most of the married samples were 166 (79.8%). In order to measure the fitness of the measurement model, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability were used. Path coefficient and significance were used to measure the structural model. This work showed that transformational leadership positively, and significantly affected the employee performance, work engagement, and organizational identity. Lowe et al. (1996) state in their research work that transformational leadership with special treatment of employees, while encouraging employees encourages and supports them and affects their performance (5). Also Mubarak et al. (2021) showed significant transformational leadership in work engagement (6). The results showed that work engagement and organizational identity positively and significantly affected the employee performance. The results show a positive effect of proactive personality on work engagement and organizational identity. In addition, these results showed that the proactive personality variable did not have a moderating role in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational identity and work engagement, and did not strengthen or weaken the relationship between these two variables. However, these results are contrary to the results of the research work. Buil et al. (2019) were (3) but one of the reasons for the lack of consistency between the results of these two studies is the difference between the statistical populations of the research. The results showed that organizational identity did not mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance. However, work engagement had a mediating role in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance, and could strengthen or weaken the relationship between these two variables. Considering the results and the impact of transformational leadership on the employee performance, work engagement and organizational identity as well as the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between transformational leadership and employees' performance. It is suggested that the school administrators use a transformational leadership style to strengthen work performance and work engagement as well as the sense of identity of physical education teachers. Using a transformational leadership style creates a more intimate environment in the organization, and will lead to more effective communication between the managers and employees. This will eventually lead to a sense of identity, positive employee performance, and work engagement in employees, and will pave the way to achieving the organization's goals.
Abstract
Summary
In today's world, sports are no longer considered as an activity for the vitality and health of the individual's soul and spirit; rather, the political, economic, social, and cultural functions issues and their impacts on the international relations of governments require a different and more ...
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Summary
In today's world, sports are no longer considered as an activity for the vitality and health of the individual's soul and spirit; rather, the political, economic, social, and cultural functions issues and their impacts on the international relations of governments require a different and more intelligent look at this phenomenon (1). The social and cultural effects of this phenomenon have made it more necessary to pay attention to it in such a way that the sports elites and champion athletes of any country are precious assets that should be preserved and developed. In fact, the well-known athletes at the national and global level become one of the famous symbols of their society, and that is cause of this reason that the developed countries, realizing this importance, try to use the capacity of their great and well-known athletes in the fields benefited in different ways (2). If these athletes are neglected or if there are no suitable conditions for their growth and development, the possibility of their country moving towards destinations that provide opportunities for them, it will not be impossible (3). Therefore, this work was conducted with the aim of identifying the antecedent and postoperative factors of human capital flight.
Introduction
The necessity and importance of paying attention to the issue of human capital migration is to the extent that this phenomenon, if it occurs, will have many consequences for the countries where the human capital migration is high. Among these consequences, we can mention the weakening of the country's championship status in the international and global arenas, the weakening of championship sports, the negative effects on public sports, the negative role modeling of the junior and teenage athletes, and the weakening of the country's sports leagues. The migration of human capitals in sports indicates a situation in which the capitals that are cultivated at great expense and during exploitation leave the country for various reasons and give many honors and titles to the other countries. The migration of human capital is not only specific to mathematics, physics or scientific fields but this phenomenon has also been seen abundantly in the field of sports in the recent years in the third world countries.
Methodology and Approach
This research work was a descriptive one in terms of practical purpose and the data collection method. In terms of research strategy, this research work was a research mixed with an exploratory approach, which was conducted with qualitative and quantitative study. Also in terms of the philosophical foundations of research, this research work is one of the comparative and inductive researches. In this research work, in the qualitative part, the antecedent and consequential factors of human capital migration in sports were studied, and then in the quantitative part, the importance and prioritization of these factors was determined using the fuzzy Dymetal method. The statistical population of the current research work was the experts of the Ministry of Sports and university professors in the field of management, as experts using the theoretical sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy, 25 of them were considered as the research sample. Regarding the reason for choosing the statistical population, it is necessary to explain that in the selection of people, factors of familiarity with the concept should have been considered in a theoretical and practical way. Therefore, in terms of familiarity with the concept theoretically and theoretically, the university professors and in terms of practical knowledge of the subject, the experts of the Ministry of Sports were selected. Also the data collection tool in the qualitative part is a semi-structured interview that has 7 questions focusing on the causes of human capital migration, its contexts, intervening factors in human capital migration, the consequences of this phenomenon, its social and economic effects, the solutions to prevent the migration of human capitals and strategic measures to prevent the migration of human capitals in sports.In order to analyze the validity of the data collection tool in the qualitative part, the content method and theoretical validity and inter-coder reliability were used, which showed the approval of these two indicators. Also the data collection tool in the quantitative section was a questionnaire that was sent to the experts as an email. The validity and reliability of the data collection tool in the quantitative part was relative content validity (CVR) and reliability with the Cronbach's alpha method. In this research work, the content analysis method with the coding approach and Atlas.ti software were used to analyze the data in the qualitative part. Also for the quantitative analysis, the fuzzy Dimetal method was used.
Results and Conclusion
The findings indicate that appropriate conditions in post-escape work situations, expectation of more growth opportunities, progress and excellence, and higher salaries in competing positions are the antecedent factors in human capital flight. Also weakening the position of national sports and strengthening rival countries, the decline of championship sports in the world and international arenas, and the negative role models of adolescents and non-athletes are among the most important are the consequences of human capital flight in sports. It is obvious that the phenomenon of human capital flight in sports has been intensified in the recent years. The factors such as poor facilities, lack of clear vision, lack of material and spiritual support in the country of origin, working conditions, and high wages in destination countries are increasingly contributing to this. Undoubtedly, ignoring the phenomenon of escaping human capital in the field of sports can weaken the position of national sports, reduce its prestige, decline championship sports, and create a wave of lack of motivation. The results of this research work are divided into two parts, qualitative and quantitative, according to its nature.In the qualitative part of the research work, a set of factors related to the phenomenon of human capital migration in sports has been identified using a qualitative study and coding method. These factors include the decline of championship sports in the world and international arena, negative role models for teenagers and young athletes, creating a wave of lack of motivation among young athletes, suitable working and job conditions in work positions after immigration, tendency to modern life, lack of material and spiritual support of human capital, weakening professional leagues of various sports, creating a wave of negative feelings among sports people, weakening the status of national sports and strengthening rival countries using enemies to attack the country's sports, facilities weakness of the origin and extensive organization of the destination, disappointment and the absence of a clear horizon and perspective, higher salaries and wages in competitive positions, the reduction of national prestige in the field of sports, fueling the anonymity of athletes, the deterioration of the popularity and acceptability of athletes. Depletion of sports from human capital, waste of material resources and budget of the Ministry of Sports and waiting for the opportunity to grow, progress and excel more in the competitive position. Also the results of the qualitative part of the research work include the division and prioritization of these components in the form of two categories of antecedent and causal factors and consequential factors. Therefore, the factors, suitable work and job conditions in work situations after migration, trend towards modern life, lack of material and spiritual support for human capital, weak facilities of the origin and extensive organizations of the destination, despair and the absence of a clear horizon and vision, higher salaries and wages in competing positions, the expectation of the opportunity for growth, advancement and excellence in competing positions are considered as factors that influence the phenomenon of human capital migration.
Abstract
Summary
The purpose of this research work was to design a paradigm model of operationalizing entrepreneurship among sports sciences students. The research method was carried out using the framework of the qualitative approach and using the foundation's data analysis method with the Strauss and Corbin ...
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Summary
The purpose of this research work was to design a paradigm model of operationalizing entrepreneurship among sports sciences students. The research method was carried out using the framework of the qualitative approach and using the foundation's data analysis method with the Strauss and Corbin method. The findings show that in the paradigm model, 28 concepts were identified in factors such as causal, contextual, intervening, strategy, and consequence. It can be said that the university has the necessary platforms such as having an entrepreneurship consultant from among the executive faculty members, holding entrepreneurship festivals, holding startup courses, and financial support for students' entrepreneurial ideas, and it can be effective in facilitating the operationalization of their entrepreneurial thoughts.
Introduction
Today, the importance of human resources in various processes is recognized as an important factor. Human resources are as a capital that is recognized as a valuable driving force in all different organizations. Human capital has skill, ability, experience, motivation, and knowledge acquisition (1). Basically, entrepreneurship is the basis of economic development, which is expressed as a source of employment and income (2). Entrepreneurship is considered as the third mission of universities because it aims to reflect its contributions to the society (3). The university can create a rich environment that can provide information and reliable role models, emotional support, and psychological and material resources more important for honoring an entrepreneurial behavior. A university's entrepreneurial educational support such as entrepreneurship courses, tutorials, and lectures can help the students acquire information and gather additional entrepreneurial knowledge, skills, and capacities. It also allows the students to connect with influential people including entrepreneurial investors, suppliers, distributors, and potential customers (4). Despite the alarming unemployment situation of university graduates in the country, sports has a suitable and diverse place to create employment and create new opportunities for economic activities, which by knowing the work fields in which new opportunities can be introduced to the youth and the society. Therefore, the purpose of this research work was to design a paradigm model of operationalizing entrepreneurship among the sports sciences students.
Methodology and Approach
The research method is exploratory in terms of its nature, and inductive in terms of data collection method, and it is of the qualitative research type, which is collected by the foundation data method based on the guidelines suggested by Strauss and Corbin. The participants of this research work included academic and entrepreneurial experts, who could provide valuable information to the researcher. In this regard, the samples of the qualitative part of this research work included 20 people from science and technology park officials, scientific professors of the physical education faculty, sports entrepreneur students, CEO of the industrial estates company, and an entrepreneurship instructor and consultant. At the end, a paradigm model was designed.
Results and Conclusion
The sports science students use opportunities, take risks, solve problems, and create careers for themselves. They need to take risks in creating and commercializing innovative technologies in a way that a big businesses cannot. Sometimes these technologies open entirely new markets, and revolutionize industries. Therefore, universities target the field of entrepreneurship and pay more attention to the sports and economic industry; sports science students can have smooth ways to create a job. By applying the mentioned solutions, the university managers and professors can help the progress of sports science students in the direction of developing entrepreneurship and making it operational.
